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What Are the 16 Personality Factors?

The 16 Personality Factors (16PF) are a framework for understanding personality traits introduced by psychologist Raymond Cattell. This theory is based on the idea that there are 16 basic personality dimensions. Cattell also suggested that these dimensions could be measured using self-report questionnaires and other methods. Cattell’s theory is one of the many ways of …

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Illustration of a highly emotional person

What It Means to Be Highly Emotional

Everyone feels sensitive at certain times or about certain topics, but excessive or inappropriate displays of emotion are sometimes described as highly emotional or overly emotional. If it feels like you are always fighting to hold back your feelings, understanding what might be making you feel highly emotional is a good place to start. Characteristics …

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Illustration of how the conditioned response works

What Is a Conditioned Response? Definition and Examples

A conditioned response is the result of classical conditioning. It happens after a neutral stimulus has been paired with an unconditioned stimulus.  The Conditioned Response in Classical Conditioning In classical conditioning, the condition response is a learned reaction to a previously neutral stimulus. Here’s how it works: Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) This is a stimulus that …

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Illustration of the 16 personality types on the MBTI

16 MBTI Personality Types

The 16 MBTI personality types are those identified by the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator. This self-report personality questionnaire suggests that personality comprises four dimensions, corresponding to 16 distinct personality types. What Is the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)? The MBTI stands for the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator. The test was developed by writer Katharine Cook Briggs and her …

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Illustration of the three components of self-concept

Factors Affecting Self-Concept: Theories and Examples

Your self-concept is the beliefs, feelings, thoughts, and images you hold about yourself. It includes many different aspects of your identity, including your physical appearance, personality traits, values, talents, skills, roles, and relationships. Factors affecting self-concept may include social influences, personality traits, life experiences, values, and cognitive processes. Self-concept is essentially how you see yourself. …

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Signs of disorganized attachment

What Is Disorganized Attachment in Relationships?

Disorganized attachment is an insecure attachment style characterized by avoidant and fearful behaviors. Also known as fearful-avoidant attachment, this style often stems from abuse, neglect, or trauma in childhood.  Disorganized attachment in relationships leads to a range of erratic behavior. People may seem disoriented, fearful, and ambivalent in their interactions with their partner. This can …

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Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Development

How do children develop morality and moral reasoning? Kohlberg’s stages of moral development describe a fixed process through which children develop moral reasoning abilities. The stages represent an expansion of an earlier theory of moral reasoning proposed by developmental psychologist Jean Piaget. Kohlberg’s theory suggests that there are six stages of moral development that can …

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What Is the Ego in Psychology?

In Sigmund Freud’s theory of personality, he described three parts of personality: the id, ego, and superego. The ego is the part of personality that strikes a balance between the primitive urges of the id, the idealistic standards of the superego, and the demands of reality. Freud believed that the ego functions according to the …

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What Is the Id in Psychology?

In Sigmund Freud’s theory of personality, the id is the primitive part of human personality that strives to fulfill a person’s most basic, instinctive desires. This part of a personality is part of the unconscious mind.  According to Freud, the id operates based on what is known as the pleasure principle. This means that the …

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Touching a hot pan

What Is the Unconditioned Stimulus?

In classical conditioning, the unconditioned stimulus automatically leads to a response. It triggers a response unconditionally without any prior learning.  An unexpected loud noise is one example. You react naturally and automatically when this unconditional stimulus occurs by flinching in surprise. That unlearned response is known as the unconditioned response. The Unconditioned Stimulus in Classical …

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